Biosensor could lead to new drugs, sensory organs on a chip

Date:
February 7, 2023
Source:
Cornell University
Summary:
A synthetic biosensor that mimics properties found in cell membranes
and provides an electronic readout of activity could lead to a
better understanding of cell biology, development of new drugs,
and the creation of sensory organs on a chip capable of detecting
chemicals, similar to how noses and tongues work.


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FULL STORY ==========================================================================
A synthetic biosensor that mimics properties found in cell membranes
and provides an electronic readout of activity could lead to a better understanding of cell biology, development of new drugs, and the creation
of sensory organs on a chip capable of detecting chemicals, similar to
how noses and tongues work.


==========================================================================
A study, "Cell-Free Synthesis Goes Electric: Dual Optical and Electronic Biosensor vie Direct Channel Integration into a Supported Membrane
Electrode," was published Jan. 18 in the Synthetic Biology journal of
the American Chemical Society.

The bioengineering feat described in the paper uses synthetic biology
to re- create a cell membrane and its embedded proteins, which are
gatekeepers of cellular functions. A conducting sensing platform allows
for an electronic readout when a protein is activated. Being able to
test if and how a molecule reacts with proteins in a cell membrane could generate a great many applications.

But embedding membrane proteins into sensors had been notoriously
difficult until the study's authors combined bioelectronic sensors with
a new approach to synthesize proteins.

"This technology really allows us to study these proteins in ways
that would be incredibly challenging, if not impossible, with current technology," said first author Zachary Manzer, a doctoral student in
the lab of senior author Susan Daniel, the Fred H. Rhodes Professor and director of the Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell Engineering.

Proteins within cell membranes serve many important functions, including communicating with the environment, catalyzing chemical reactions, and
moving compounds and ions across the membranes. When a membrane protein receptor is activated, charged ions move across a membrane channel,
triggering a function in the cell. For example, brain neurons or muscle
cells fire when cues from nerves signal charged calcium-ion channels
to open.

The researchers have created a biosensor that starts with a conducting
polymer, which is soft and easy to work with, on top of a support that
together act as an electric circuit that is monitored by a computer. A
layer of lipid (fat) molecules, which forms the membrane, lies on top
of the polymer, and the proteins of interest are placed within the lipids.

In this proof of concept, the researchers have created a cell-free
platform that allowed them to synthesize a model protein directly into
this artificial membrane. The system has a dual readout technology built
in. Since the components of the sensor are transparent, researchers
can use optical techniques, such as engineering proteins that fluoresce
when activated, which allows scientists to study the fundamentals via microscope, and observe what happens to the protein itself during a
cellular process. They can also record electronic activity to see how
the protein is functioning through clever circuit design.

"This really is the first demonstration of leveraging cell-free synthesis
of transmembrane proteins into biosensors," Daniel said. "There's
no reason why we wouldn't be able to express many different kinds of
proteins into this general platform." Currently, researchers have used proteins grown and extracted from living cells for similar applications,
but given this advance, users won't have to grow proteins in cells and
then harvest and embed them in the membrane platform.

Instead, they can synthesize them directly from DNA, the basic template
for proteins.

"We can bypass the whole process of the cell as the factory that produces
the protein," Daniel said, "and biomanufacture the proteins ourselves."
With such a system, a drug chemist interested in a particular protein implicated in a disease might flow potentially therapeutic molecules
across that protein to see how it responds. Or a scientist looking to
create an environmental sensor could place on the platform a particular
protein that is sensitive to a chemical or pollutant, such as those
found in lake water.

"If you think of your nose, or your tongue, every time you smell or
taste something, ion channels are firing," Manzer said. Scientists
may now take the proteins being activated when we smell something and
translate the results into this electronic system to sense things that
might be undetectable with a chemical sensor." The new sensor opens
the door for pharmacologists to research how to create non-opioid pain medicines, or drugs to treat Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, which
interact with cell membrane proteins.

Surajit Ghosh, a postdoctoral researcher in Daniel's lab, is a co-first
author.

Neha Kamat, assistant professor of biomedical engineering at Northwestern University, is a senior co-author of the paper.

The study was funded by the National Science Foundation, the Air Force
Office of Scientific Research, the American Heart Association, the
National Institute of General Medical Sciences and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

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========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by Cornell_University. Original written
by Krishna Ramanujan, courtesy of the Cornell Chronicle. Note: Content
may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Zachary A. Manzer, Surajit Ghosh, Arpita Roy, Miranda L. Jacobs,
Juliana
Carten, Neha P. Kamat, Susan Daniel. Cell-Free Synthesis Goes
Electric: Dual Optical and Electronic Biosensor via Direct Channel
Integration into a Supported Membrane Electrode. ACS Synthetic
Biology, 2023; DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00531 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/02/230207191600.htm

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