Move over, armadillos: There's a new bone-plated mammal in town

Date:
May 24, 2023
Source:
Florida Museum of Natural History
Summary:
Armadillos have long been considered to be the only living
mammals that produce protective bony plates. But a new study
unexpectedly shows that African spiny mice produce the same
structures beneath the skin of their tails, which until now had
gone largely undetected.


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FULL STORY ========================================================================== Mammals are a bit odd when it comes to bones. Rather than the bony
plates and scales of crocodiles, turtles, lizards, dinosaurs and fish,
mammals long ago traded in their ancestral suit of armor for a layer of insulating hair.

Armadillos, with their protective and flexible shell of imbricated bone,
are considered the only living exception. But a new study, published in
the journal iScience, unexpectedly shows that African spiny mice produce
the same structures beneath the skin of their tails, which until now
had gone largely undetected.

The discovery was made during routine CT scanning of museum specimens
for the openVertebrate program, an initiative to provide 3D models of vertebrate organisms for researchers, educators and artists.

"I was scanning a mouse specimen from the Yale Peabody Museum, and the
tails looked abnormally dark," said co-author Edward Stanley, director
of the Florida Museum of Natural History's digital imaging laboratory.

He initially assumed the discoloration was caused by an imperfection
introduced during the specimen's preservation. But when he analyzed the
X-Rays several days later, Stanley observed an unmistakable feature he
was intimately familiar with.

"My entire PhD was focused on osteoderm development in lizards. Once the specimen scans had been processed, the tail was very clearly covered
in osteoderms." Spiny mice osteoderms have been observed at least
once before and were noted by German biologist Jochen Niethammer,
who compared their architecture to medieval stonework in an article
published in 1975. Niethammer correctly interpreted the plates as being
a type of bone but never followed up on his initial observations, and
the group was largely overlooked for several decades -- until scientists discovered another, seemingly unrelated peculiarity of spiny mice.

A study from 2012 demonstrated spiny mice can completely regenerate
injured tissue without scarring, an ability common in reptiles and invertebrates but previously unknown in mammals. Their skin is also particularly fragile, tearing at roughly one-fourth the amount of force required to injure the skin of a common mouse. But spiny mice can heal
twice as fast as their relatives.

Researchers hoping to find a model for human tissue regeneration
have begun mapping the genetic pathways that give spiny mice their extraordinary powers of healing. One such researcher, Malcolm Maden, just
so happened to have a lab in the building across from Stanley's office.

"Spiny mice can regenerate skin, muscle, nerves, spinal cord and perhaps
even cardiac tissue, so we maintain a colony of these rare creatures for research," said Maden, a biology professor at the University of Florida
and lead author on the study.

Maden and his colleagues analyzed the development of spiny mice
osteoderms, confirming they were in fact similar to those of armadillos
but had most likely evolved independently. Osteoderms are also distinct
from the scales of pangolins or the quills of hedgehogs and porcupines,
which are composed of keratin, the same tissue that makes up hair,
skin and nails.

There are four genera of spiny mice, which all belong to the subfamily Deomyinae. However, aside from similarities in their DNA and potentially
the shape of their teeth, scientists have been unable to find a single
feature shared among species of this group that distinguishes them from
other rodents.

Stanley, suspecting their differences might only be skin deep, scanned additional museum specimens from all four genera. In each, he found spiny
mice tails were covered in the same sheath of bone. The closest relatives
of Deomyinae -- gerbils -- lacked osteoderms, meaning the trait had likely evolved just once, in the ancestor of erstwhile disparate spiny mice.

The ubiquity of osteoderms in the group indicate they serve an important protective function. Just what that function might be wasn't immediately apparent, however, due to yet another peculiar attribute of spiny mice:
Their tails are uncharacteristically detachable. Tail loss is so common
in some spiny mouse species that nearly half the individuals of a given population have been shown to lack them in the wild.

"This was a real head-scratcher," Stanley said. "Spiny mice are famously
able to deglove their tails, meaning the outer layer of skin comes off,
leaving behind the muscle and bone. Individuals will often chew off
the remainder of the tail when this happens." Despite their powers of regeneration, tail shedding is a trick that spiny mice can only perform
once. Unlike some lizards, they can't regrow their tails, and not every
part of the tail separates easily.

To find out why rodents that seem ambivalent about keeping their tails
would go through the trouble of covering them in armor, the authors
turned to a group of similarly odd fish-tale geckos from Madagascar. Most geckos lack osteoderms, but as their name implies, fish-tale geckos are
covered in thin, overlapping plates, and just like spiny mice, they have incredibly fragile skin that sheds at the slightest provocation.

According to Stanley, the osteoderms in fish-tale geckos and spiny mice possibly function like a type of escape mechanism.

"If a predator bites down on the tail, the armor might keep the teeth
from sinking into the tissue beneath, which doesn't detach," he said. The
outer skin and its complement of bone plating pull away from the tail
when attacked, affording the mouse a quick escape.

* RELATED_TOPICS
o Plants_&_Animals
# Mice # Rodents # Genetically_Modified # New_Species
o Earth_&_Climate
# Ozone_Holes # Earth_Science
* RELATED_TERMS
o Adipose_tissue o Salamander o Oceanic_trench o Virus o
Lemming o Volcano o Plate_tectonics o Toxicodendron

========================================================================== Story Source: Materials provided by
Florida_Museum_of_Natural_History. Original written by Jerald
Pinson. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


========================================================================== Journal Reference:
1. Malcolm Maden, Trey Polvadore, Arod Polanco, W. Brad Barbazuk,
Edward
Stanley. Osteoderms in a mammal the spiny mouse Acomys and the
independent evolution of dermal armor. iScience, 2023; 106779 DOI:
10.1016/j.isci.2023.106779 ==========================================================================

Link to news story: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2023/05/230524181855.htm

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